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The Kingdom of Jimma was one of the kingdoms in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 19th century. It shared its western border with Limmu-Ennarea, its eastern border with the Sidamo Kingdom of Janjero, and was separated from the Kingdom of Kaffa to the south by the Gojeb River. Jimma was considered the most powerful militarily of the Gibe kingdoms. Dawro, an Ometo dialect, was the native language; it later slowly gave way to Oromo. ==History== The origins of Jimma are obscure, although prior to the Oromo migrations, the territory this kingdom came to occupy had been part of the Kingdom of Kaffa. According to legend, a number of Oromo groups (variously given from five to 10) were led to Jimma by a great sorceress and Queen named Makhore, who carried a ''boku'' (usually connected with the ''abba boku'', or headman of the Oromo ''Gadaa'' system)〔Lewis, ''Galla Monarchy'', p. 65. He also notes that the Gadaa system was almost entirely forgotten in Jimma by 1960, and suggests that its use may have ended a generation or two earlier.〕 which when placed on the ground would cause the earth to tremble and men to fear. It is said that with this ''boku'', she drove the Kaffa people living in the area across the Gojeb River. While this suggests that the Oromo invaders drove the original inhabitants from the area, Herbert S. Lewis notes that Oromo society was inclusionist, and the only ethnic differences they made are reflected in the history of various kinship groups.〔Lewis, ''Galla Monarchy'', p. 38〕 Eventually, the Oromo grew unhappy with Makhore's rule, and through a ruse, deprived her of her virginity, and destroyed her power. The various groups then pursued their own courses, loosely bound into a confederation that held councils at Hulle, where laws were passed under the ''abba boku''; at this point, Jimma was commonly referred to as ''Jimma Kaka''. At first, the Badi of Saqqa were the predominant clan (which led to the alternate name of ''Jimma Badi''), but late in the 18th century another group, the Diggo of Mana, began to extend their domain, conquering the Lalo clan who lived around Jiren, and gaining access to the market and trade center at Hirmata (later called Jimma). Mohammed Hassen believes that the Badi lost their predominant position in part due to raids by king Abba Bagido of Limmu-Ennarea, but also due to constant infighting.〔Mohammed Hassen, ''The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History 1570-1860)'', (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994), p. 111〕 It was during the reign of Abba Jifar I that the kingdom of Jimma coalesced, and after this time Jimma was frequently referred to as ''Jimma Abba Jifar''. King Abba Jifar also converted to Islam, and began the long process of also converting his entire kingdom to that religion.〔Lewis, ''Galla Monarchy'', pp. 41f.〕 Under King Abba Gomol, the ancient Kingdom of Garo was conquered and annexed into Jimma. King Gomol settled wealthy men from his kingdom in the former state. He also brought important men from Garo to live at Jiren, thus integrating the two polities.〔Lewis, ''Galla Monarchy'', p. 45〕 It was shortly after his son Abba Jifar II assumed the throne that the power of the ''neguses'' of Shewa began to reach into the Gibe region for the first time in centuries. As Lewis notes, "Borrelli, Franzoj and other travellers accorded him little hope of retaining his kingdom for long."〔Lewis, ''Galla Monarchy'', p. 43〕 However, heeding the wise advice of his mother Gumiti, he submitted to Menelik II, and agreed to pay tribute to the ''negus'', and counseled his neighboring kings to do the same. However, none followed his example, and King Abba Jifar instead found himself enthusiastically helping the Shewan king conquer his neighbors: Kullo in 1889, Walamo in 1894, and Kaffa in 1897. In 1928, the tribute of Jimma amounted to MTT87,000 and an additional MTT15,000 for the army.〔Huntingford, ''Galla of Ethiopia'', p. 61.〕 Following the death of Abba Jifar II, Emperor Haile Selassie seized the opportunity to finally annex Jimma. As Harold Marcus observes, the kingdom's "autonomy had been undermined by the declining world economy, the deteriorating health of its ruler, the road that slowly advanced from Addis Abeba, the advent of air power, and the transcendent needs of modern, centralized power."〔Harold G. Marcus, ''The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 121〕 On 5 May 1932, the official newspaper ''Berhanena Selam'' editorialized that the kingdom was in danger because her king, Abba Jifar, was old and ill and his grandson and heir no longer properly obeyed the central government and was using the kingdom's revenues to build up an army. Seven days later, on 12 May, 400 soldiers and a team of administrators descended upon Jimma and brought the kingdom to an end.〔 During the reorganization of the provinces in 1942, the last administrative traces of the kingdom vanished into Kaffa Province. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kingdom of Jimma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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